Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 (FGF2), also known as basic FGF (bFGF), is a critical member of the fibroblast growth factor family, known for its ability to regulate key biological processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and angiogenesis. As a multifunctional growth factor, FGF2 plays a pivotal role in both embryonic development and the maintenance of adult tissues. Its applications span diverse fields, including regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, cancer research, and cell culture systems.

FGF2 is a small, globular protein composed of 155 amino acids. Its structure is stabilized by a network of β-sheet domains that confer its stability and receptor-binding capacity. The functional activity of FGF2 is largely determined by its ability to interact with fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) and heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs). These interactions are crucial for stabilizing the FGF2-FGFR complex and initiating downstream signaling cascades.

FGF2 binds to and activates four transmembrane FGFRs (FGFR1-4), triggering intracellular signaling pathways including:

• RAS/MAPK pathway: Drives cell proliferation and differentiation
• PI3K/Akt pathway: Enhances cell survival and growth
• PLCγ pathway: Regulates intracellular calcium levels and cellular responses

These signaling pathways collectively contribute to processes such as angiogenesis, wound healing, tissue regeneration, and stem cell proliferation. FGF2 is particularly important for maintaining the self-renewal and pluripotency of stem cells in vitro, making it indispensable in research and therapeutic applications.